Operating Theatre Management System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operating Theatre Management System - Essay Example In general, Operating Room Management in profit-oriented health-care systems in USA gives emphasis to strategical consideration while in countries with publicly-funded healthcare like the UK; the focus is on operational judgment (McIntosh, Dexter & Epstein 2006). The act of managing and organization all aspects of a surgical suite are to achieve a definite set of objectives. As a budding discipline, operating room management is all the time more examined as how to best: 1) guarantee patient safety and best patient outcome, 2) present surgeons with suitable access to the Operating Room with the aim that patients can have operations in an appropriate way, 3) take full advantage of the competence of operating room utilization, workforce, and resources, 4) reduce patient wait, and 5) augment approval among patients, employees, and doctors. This management skill as employed to the surgical suite is getting more focus as a result of increasing market influence on hospitals from competitors and from customers looking for reduced charges. The surgical suite is generally thought as an advantageous hospital unit. Thus, surgical suites also include a significant portion of hospital budget expenditure. By keeping patient safety constant, the prospect to raise financial increase by means of changing the utilization of already accessible sources is a main goal for managerial study. Incremental efficiency in operating room utilization and operating room efficiency can have significant impacts on hospital workers and resources. Some hospital managers see efficiency in the operating room as throughput, completing the most surgical cases within budget. Later in this article we will provide examples of tools a manager may use to analyze efficiency. The Significance of OR Management Operating expenses consist of, although are not restricted to, the space, know-how and appliances, pharmaceuticals and workforce. Hospital managers have thus focused their interest towards making best use of Operating Room productivity, and consequently hospital productivity, by means of contribution margins. This focus, as well as the increase in demand for promising surgery, has led to a fast development of Operating Room facilities. Traditionally, nurses have been mainly responsible for the daily operation of the surgical suite. All the time more, facilities are employing a physician medical director for the Operating Room, as characterized by a surgeon, anesthesiologist, or both. In some cases, all three fields of surgery, anesthesia, and nursing will be embodied in the daily OR organization infrastructure. By functioning collectively, these three fields can organize all resources crucial to exploit OR efficiency. Since medical requirements and regulatory requirements are frequen tly changing, the idea of appointing a medical director in the OR, an operating room manager, has gained recognition (Siciliani & Hurst 2005). Clinicians normally focus on operational decisions on the day of surgery for instance moving cases from one Operating Room to another, assigning and replacing staff, prioritizing critical cases, and scheduling add-on case. In contrast, upper management

Old Spice case studey Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Old Spice studey - Case Study Example h of â€Å"The Man Your Man Could Smell Like’ campaign which involved a former NFL player whose role was to convince women to buy the products so that their partners would be like him or smell like him (Rowe, n.d). Although this advertisement was a success after realizing more than 26 million views on YouTube, the company devised the most successful advert incorporating social media so as to make the brand more successful. Through â€Å"the Response Campaign†, the organization was able to engage with the potential customers on a more personal level (Rowe, n.d). In this campaign, the organization made a post on the two main social media websites, Facebook and Twitter, which sparked responses and questions that were answered through videos. Creativity was used in response videos that were at least 180. Between these alternatives, the â€Å"the Response Campaign† would still have been the best. This is because of the strategies involved in its creation and communication to the potential customers. The aspect of being personal contributed to its success, as the customers require prompt reply. This was fulfilled by the many short videos released in a span of two days answering the questions and replying to the comments from the customers. In addition, the extensive usage of the social media was a way of boosting the campaign because social media comprises the group of the population that the company was targeting; the young generation. Furthermore, active involvement was a key aspect towards the success of the campaign. This is because it got the customers invested in the brand while not including direct advertising to the customers. Such strategies made sure that the campaign was a success leading to increase in sales and the brand name was saved. From a personal perspective, I would have taken a similar approach in the implementation of the solution. As a golden rule, a company should ensure that customer involvement is taken seriously for a brand name to remain

Buddism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Buddism - Essay Example The quest of a Prince, confined to the four walls of the Palace, to know the truth in life, gave to the world the great philosophy and world religion or way of life known as BUDDHISM. It is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is known as the Buddha, or the Enlightened One. Siddhartha Gautama, the great warrior Prince, was born around 566 BC in Lumbini (formerly in North India). Even when he was an infant a seer predicted that Siddhartha would become either a great King or an ‘enlightened one’. The king, fearful of losing his son and heir to the kingdom, confined him to the Palace. During his three attempts to encounter with the realities that lay outside the walls of the Palace, Prince Siddhartha saw a sick man, an old woman and a decaying corpse and a wandering holy man. This created unrest within him and he realized that there is something beyond the human life, beyond the physical existence. He realized that all men have to undergo all these four stages and not just in one life but life after life. While the Palace was sleeping, one night he escaped leaving his wife and child, and the luxuries of the Palace, in search of the truth. This was the first step towards attaining ‘bodha’. In search of the truth Siddhartha travelled across the country, from one saint to the other. At each step he did release one layer of negativity from within but was still not able to attain the truth. He realized that neither a the life penance and ascetic practices nor a life full of luxuries could reach him there. He discovered what is now called the ‘middle path’ to attain enlightenment. He remembered a moment in childhood in which he had been watching his father start the seasons plowing, and he had fallen into a naturally concentrated and focused state in which time seemed to stand still, and which was blissful and refreshing (Wikipedia). He sat down under a large

Childcare system Essay Example for Free

Childcare system Essay Many parents that have kids want to stay at ome during the early years of the childrens youth, but after those years they cant afford to go back to work. Over 50% of moms that usally stay home and want to go to work but just cant afford to acording to Ms. Truss. About 17% of moms that did work couldnt earn enough to be able to have money that would last awhile. While 12% cited a lack of job opportunities. Ms. Truss believes that stuff like this shouldnt stop people from helping the 52% of moms find an affordable childcare so that they can go out and looks for an affordable job. Mrs. Truss wants to have a deregulated childcare system, unlike the other childcares, to have a sinle nursery double with the amount of children they are responsable for. Anand Shukla, Chief Executive of the Family, Parenting Insitute, and Daycare Trust wonder if carers and the self-employed will be eligible for this financial support and said something about the devil will be in detail. The Labour has warned if they cut the nursery staffing levels, it could threaten child safty of the children that are being taken cared of while there parents are working. If stuff like this keeps happening, and they do cut nursery staffing levels, i think the problem would get worse, kids might be killed from carlessness from the lowered class nursery staff, more parents would stay home to protect there kids. If they want to provent stuff like this, they cant cut the nusery staffing level and have to find something that is less important they can cut to be able to let mothers keep there jobs and so there kids can be safe. They could cut off stuff like entertainment or stuff like amusment parks, just some examples but in my oppion, taking care of the future generation is more important than these two examples. As long as they dont take drastic messures like cutting nursery staffing levels, the future for them looks pretty good as long as they cut stuff of less important value.

The Ins and Outs of Assessment Essay Example for Free

The Ins and Outs of Assessment Essay What is an Assessment? As I ask myself this question, memories from my educational experience pass through my mind. I am forced to recall many tests, quizzes and fear that have embedded my mind with a horrific sense of anxiety. The fear, I believe, is the cause of the thought that I may not excel in the lesson that I had been taught. Then I ask myself, is that what an assessment was meant to accomplish? Through my readings, I have learned that an assessment is an educational process that requires documentation of knowledge that a student has received from a lesson. The documentation of the assessment can be based on the individual student or the class as a whole. Assessments are a collection of data in order to improve upon the educational development of a learner. Assessments also help improve the learning standards and benchmarks within the classroom. This practice will allow me, as a teacher, to improve my teaching ability and evolve as a better educator. I have also learned, through my readings, what an assessment is not. An assessment is not an end goal that determines a student’s educational worth in a subject area. Assessments are not the only data that is used in evaluating the progress of a student in a particular program of study. The process of assessing students’ progress is only useless when the evaluation is done poorly. If this practice does not reflect goals and values of particular disciplines, the assessment should be reevaluated. There are two main categories of assessment: summative and formative. Summative assessments are used to evaluate how effective an instructional program has been to student. This assessment is typically given at the end of a particular lesson, unit or academic year. Summative assessments are used to make a judgment of the competency of a student after a particular lesson has been completed. This evaluation is issued to determine if a learner has mastered a specific standard or benchmark. It is also administered in order to identify areas of instruction that may need additional attention or modification. Such assessments are given in the form of standardized test that typically have a single score. Summative assessments are typically a good evaluation for educators and school systems, however; such data does not individually reflect the misunderstandings that may hinder a learner’s potential  evolvement. Formative assessment is used to improve instructional methods and student feedback throughout the teaching and learning process. Formative evaluations are performed in a gradual, step-by-step procedure in order to observe a student’s grasp of a concept. This process is demonstrated by on-going assessments, as well as, reviews and observations in the classroom setting. Through an educators observations, the teacher can reconstruct the instructional strategy sooner rather than later, in order to insure the validation on the lesson. Formative assessments may be administered in the form of quizzes or performance tasks in the classroom. Assessing a learner formatively allows for more retention of the instructional material, and a better grasp on building upon that material. Assessment expectations desired by instructors are the effectiveness of the outcome. I think that a teacher should strive for every student’s ability. In reaching this goal, instructors must set realistic expectations for the students that one may teach. In setting goals for the students, students must have a clear understanding of what is expected of the instruction and lessons. I believe that each expectation that is set for a student should resemble that particular child’s ability and need. Each expectation should be a reflection of a student’s prior knowledge and the instructional connection between concept and practice. Exercising realistic expectations within the classroom can be easily established through the purposes of assessments. Instructors give assessments to students to identify areas of weakness which can result in the determination to give better teaching instruction. There are four purposes for assessment of students: Monitoring student progress, making instructional decisions, evaluating student achievement and evaluating progress. The first purpose of assessment is monitoring student progress. After setting realistic expectations, data should be compiled to give the student and instructor feedback about the progression of the expectations that were set. This assessment purpose is a continual process that may result in formal or informal data. This data, however; can lead to the individual progression of each student. The second purpose for assessment is making instructional decisions. Instructors will use collected data of students’ understanding to modify teaching processes in order to give better instruction to the student. In order for the teacher to modify the instructional tasks for a student, the teacher will observe the student. This observation will allow the instructor to understand the way the particular student thinks and applies instruction; therefore, making the instruction fit the child, rather than fitting the child to the instruction. The third purpose for assessment is evaluating student achievement. In evaluating a student’s achievement, an instructor will examine the student and make an informed judgment on the progress the student is obtaining. The judgment is based on the abilities of that certain student rather than in comparison to other students in the class. This allows the student to receive a more individualized evaluation that reflects on the goals that are set for him or her. The fourth purpose for assessment is evaluating programs. This assessment is a compiled evaluation of the class, as a whole, in order to make modifications to the instruction given to the students. These modifications will allow students to, not only set high expectations, but meet high expectations as well. It is my opinion that changes in assessments need to develop in order to keep such evaluations in line with reform efforts. Some of the assessments that are used today seem dated and may not give correct validation of a student’s understanding. Assessing a student’s educational potential is a group effort for all that are involved in the education of a child. Assessments for observing students’ education, making instructional judgments, and evaluating a student’s achievements have been in the hands of classroom teachers, whereas assessments for gaging programs have been supported by agencies outside the classroom. I believe that assessments for all purposes need to be more vulnerable and mutual; meaning, instructors should be involved in the assessment process for all purposes. The primary responsibility for assessment must be a shared effort if it is to meet the needs of today’s students.

Simulation Of Scheduling Algorithms

Simulation Of Scheduling Algorithms Abstract- In this term paper we have discuss simulation of scheduling algorithm. We have discuss various type of scheduling algorithm such as robin round, first comes first served, shortest job first, and etc. We also discuss its advantages and disadvantages. In this term paper we take some c programme based on this scheduling algorithm to understand properly. We also include some graphical representatiion of each scheduling. From which we can differentiate between each algorithm. Keywords- In this term paper we use some keyword Round Robin(RR), First Come First Serve (FCFS), Shortest Job First(SJF), Process Control Block (PCB), Shortest Time Remaining (SRT). INTRODUCTION Scheduling is a fundamental operating-system function. Whenever the CPU becomes idle, the operating system must select one of the processes in the ready queue to be executed. The selection process is carried out by the short-term scheduler. The scheduler selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them. All processes in the ready queue are lined up waiting for a chance to run on the CPU. The records are generally the PCBs (Process Control Block) of the processes. Another important component involved in the CPU scheduling function is the dispatcher. The dispatcher is the module that gives control of the CPU to the processes selected by the short-term scheduler. This function involves: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Switching context à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that program. Our goal is to simulate the process scheduling algorithms to get a more accurate evaluation on how choice of a particular scheduling algorithm can effect CPU utilization and how a scheduler decides when processors should be assigned, and to which processes. Different CPU scheduling algorithms have different properties and may favour one class of processes over another. We have programmed a model of the computer system and implemented scheduling algorithms using Software data structures which represent the major components of the system which we have discussed in this section. 2. PROPOSAL When system has a choice of processes to execute, it must have a strategy -called a Process Scheduling Policy-for deciding which process to run at a given time .A scheduling policy should attempt to satisfy certain performance criteria, such as maximizing: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Throughput à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Latency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Preventing Indefinite postponement of Process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maximizing Process Utilization It is the job of the scheduler or dispatcher to assign a processor to the selected process. In our project various Process Scheduling Algorithms that determine at runtime which process runs next .These algorithms decide when and for how long each process runs; they make choices about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Preemptibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Priorities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Running time à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time-to-Completion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fairness We will be simulating these Scheduling Algorithms and comparing them against various parameters mentioned above. BACKGROUND What is Process :-A process is the locus of control of a procedure in execution that is manifested by the existence of a data structure called Process Control Block. Each process has its own address space, which typically consists of Text region, Data region and Stack region. The Text region stores the code that the processor executes. The Data region stores the variables and dynamically allocated memory that the process uses during execution. The Stack region stores instructions and local variables for active procedure calls. The contents of the Stack grow as the process issues nested procedure calls and shrink as procedures return. 4.WHAT IS PROCESSOR SCHEDULING? -When a system as a choice of processes to execute, it must have a strategy for deciding which process to run at a given time. This strategy is known as Processor Scheduling Policy. Different process scheduling algorithms have different properties and may favor one class of processes over another. In choosing which algorithm to use in a particular situation, we compare the following characteristics to compare the algorithms. CPU Utilization -We want to keep the CPU as busy as possible. It ranges from 0 to 100%. In real systems it ranges from 40% to 90%. For the purpose of this simulation we have assumed that CPU utilization is 100%. Throughput -The work done by the CPU is directly proportional to the CPU utilization. The number of processes completed per unit time, called throughput, is the measure of work done by the CPU. Algorithms should try to maximize the throughput. Turnaround time- The time interval from submission of job to the completion of job is termed as the turnaround time. It includes waiting time of the process and the service time of the process. Waiting time -The amount of time process spent waiting in the ready queue is termed as Waiting time. Any algorithm does not affect the service time of the process but does affect the waiting time of the process. Waiting time should be kept to the minimum. Response time The time interval from the submission of the process to the ready queue until the process receives the first response is known as Response time. Response time should always be kept minimum. Besides the above features, a scheduling algorithm must also have the following properties: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fairness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Predictability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Scalability 5. SIMULATION- In our simulation the ready queue has been programmed to serve the processes in the First in First out, Round Robin, Shortest Process first, Highest Response Ration Next and also Shortest Remaining time. The simulator has a variable representing a clock; as this variables value is increased, the simulator modifies the system state to reflect the activities of the devices, the processes, and the scheduler. Our system has a function called Process Ready which checks which processes are ready to enter the system depending on the current clock. Preemption is performed based on the current clock. If the next process in the ready queue should get the CPU the current process is pushed into the queue and the next process, based on how the priority of the processes is calculated in ready queue, is taken and given the CPU time. We call this in real systems as context switch .We will be providing this overhead a simple variable which we fill add to a process when it is preempted. The scheduler is an abstract class in which we have defined the basic components which are needed by the scheduler like ready queue .FIFO, RR, SPF, SRT and HRRN are the classes which extend this scheduler class and implement the ready queue based on specific scheduler. The data that we are using to drive the simulation is generated using a random-number generator. The generator is programmed to generate processes, CPU-burst times, Arrivals and Finish time. The process PCB in our simulation consists of following attributes: Process Id Process ServiceTime Process ArrivalTime Process FinishTime Process ResponseTime The same set of processes is feed into the scheduling algorithm to evaluate the algorithms effect on the processes and CPU. These are initialized for all the processes that we randomly generate .Once the process gets the CPU its service time gets updated and if the simulation performs a context switch which preempts the current running process and puts it at the back of the ready queue i.e. we save the PCB of the process. After this the first process in the ready queue is given the block .In the end the system outputs the Arrival Time, Service Time, Turn around Time, Waiting Time and Response Time for each process executed by the system. The output formats, the input and the Analysis using this simulation model are shown in the sections that follow: A simple Class Diagrame :- 6. SCHEDULING ALGORITHM A scheduling algorithm is the method by which threads, processes or data flows are given access to system resources (e.g. processor time, communications bandwidth). This is usually done to load balance a system effectively or achieve a target quality of service. The need for a scheduling algorithm arises from the requirement for most modern systems to perform multitasking (execute more than one process at a time) and multiplexing (transmit multiple flows simultaneously) Type of Scheduling algorithm Scheduling algorithm :- First Come First Serve (FCFS) Round Robin Shortest Job First Shortest Remaining Time Highest Response Ratio Next (HRRN) Fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling FIRST COME FIRST SERVE (FCFS) :- CPU scheduling deals with the problem of deciding which of the processes in the ready queue is to be allocated the CPU. There are many different CPU scheduling algorithms. By far the simplest CPU-scheduling algorithm is the first-come, first-served (FCFS) scheduling algorithm. With this scheme, the process that requests the CPU first is allocated the CPU first. The implementation of the FCFS policy is easily managed with a FIFO queue. When a process enters the ready queue, its PCB is linked onto the tail of the queue. When the CPU is free, it is allocated to the process at the head of the queue. The running process is then removed from the queue. The code for FCFS scheduling is simple to write and understand. The average waiting time under the FCFS policy, however, is often quite long. C- programming for this scheduling algorithm is given below. I only present the main part of the programme. /* Programme for FCFS*/ #include #include //Library for clearing the screen using namespace std; int cont, ctr; class FCFS{ //Class used for the simulation public: //public elements of the class void input(); void gantt(); protected: //protected elements of the class float wt, bt, arr, bt2; float awt; }; int main(){ //main function FCFS IT2B; cout cin>>ctr; if(ctr>=3ctr system(cls); IT2B.input(); //invocation }else{ cout cout cin>>cont; system(cls); main(); } return 0; } void FCFS::input() //input() function of class FCFS { wt=0; bt2=0; cout for(arr=1;arr cout>bt; cout bt2=bt+bt2; wt=bt2+wt; } awt=(wt-bt2)/ctr; cout cout cin>>cont; } /*void FCFS::gantt() { */ Limitations: In FCFS, average waiting time is quite longer. If we have a processor bound job (generally with longer service time) and other I/O bound jobs. And if, processor bound job is allocated the processor time, then it will hold the CPU. As a result, other I/O bound jobs will keep waiting in the ready queue and the I/O devices will remain idle. Like in the test cases we observed, process P3 despite having a very short service time had to wait for long till all the processes ahead of it ran to completion. Average Turn around Time: 12 Average Waiting Time: 7.2 Average Response Time: 7.2 6.2. ROUND ROBIN The round-robin (RR) scheduling algorithm is designed especially for time-sharing systems. It is similar to FCFS scheduling, but preemption is added to switch between processes. A small unit of time, called a time quantum or time slice, is defined. A time quantum is generally from 10 to 100 milliseconds. The ready queue is treated as a circular queue. The CPU scheduler goes around the ready queue, allocating the CPU to each process for a time interval of up to l time quantum. To implement RR scheduling, we keep the ready queue as a FIFO queue of processes. New processes are added to the tail of the ready queue. The CPU scheduler picks the first process from the ready queue, sets a timer to interrupt after l time quantum, and dispatches the process . C- programming for this scheduling algorithm is given below. I only present the main part of the programme. /* Programme for ROUND ROBIN*/ for(i=0;j { if(r[i]>0sp>=a[i]) { f=true; if(r[i] time=r[i]; else time=q; //schedule the process t[i]+=time,r[i]=time,order.push_back(i+1); if(r[i]==0) j++; for(k=0;k if(r[k]!=0k!=ia[k] if(!(a[k] w[k]+=sp+time-a[k],t[i]+=sp+timea[k]; else w[k]+=time,t[k]+=time; sp+=time; continue; } if(i==n-1) { if(!f) { int it; int diff=0; for(it=0;it if(sp { if(diff==0) diff=a[it]-sp; else if(diff>a[it]-sp) diff=a[it]sp; } sp+=diff; } f=false; } } OUTPUT:- Advantages:-Round Robin algorithm exhibits fairness. All the processes are treated equally and are given equal processor time. As compared to FCFS, the average waiting time is considerably reduced in Round Robin algorithm. Limitations: The performance of the system implementing Round Robin mainly depends upon the value of the quantum. If we set the quantum to very high value, then it will proceed as the FCFS. As a result the system performance will be sluggish. If we keep the quantum value low, more overhead will be produced because of frequent context switch .Round Robin with low quantum is generally suitable for the interactive system. However, to determine the optimal quantum time is a tedious task 6.3.SHORTEST JOB FIRST A different approach to CPU scheduling is the shortest-job-first (SJF) scheduling algorithm. This algorithm associates with each process the length of the processs next CPU burst. When the CPU is available, it is assigned to the process that has the smallest next CPU burst. If the next CPU bursts of two processes are the same, FCFS scheduling is used to break the tie. Note that a more appropriate term for this scheduling method would be the shortest-next-CPU-burst algorithm, because scheduling depends on the length of the next CPU burst of a process, rather than its total length. The SJF algorithm is a special case of the general priority scheduling algorithm. A priority is associated with each process, and the CPU is allocated to the process with the highest priority. Equal-priority processes are scheduled in FCFS order. An SJF algorithm is simply a priority algorithm where the priority (p) is the inverse of the (predicted) next CPU burst. The larger the CPU burst, the lower the pri ority, and vice versa. C- programming for this scheduling algorithm is given below. I only present the main part of the programme. /* Programme for SJF*/ #include #include #include void main() { char p[10][5],temp[5]; int tot=0,wt[10],pt[10],i,j,n,temp1; float avg=0; clrscr(); printf(enter no of processes:); scanf(%d,n); for(i=0;i { printf(enter process%d name:n,i+1); scanf(%s,p[i]); printf(enter process time); scanf(%d,pt[i]); } for(i=0;i { for(j=i+1;j { if(pt[i]>pt[j]) { temp1=pt[i]; pt[i]=pt[j]; pt[j]=temp1; strcpy(temp,p[i]); strcpy(p[i],p[j]); strcpy(p[j],temp); } } } wt[0]=0; for(i=1;i { wt[i]=wt[i-1]+et[i-1]; tot=tot+wt[i]; } avg=(float)tot/n; printf(p_namet P_timet w_timen); for(i=0;i printf(%st%dt%dn,p[i],et[i],wt[i]); printf(total waiting time=%dn avg waiting time=%f,tot,avg); getch(); } Output : Advantages: Shorter processes are given preference. If the ready queue contains Processor bound processes and some I/O bound processes, then the I/O bound will be given more preference. As a result the system throughput increases. Average waiting time of the processes decreases. Like in the test case, the process P3 waited for only 6 seconds compared to 10 seconds in RR and 16 seconds in FCFS. 6.4 .SHORTEST REMAINING TIME (SRT) This is the preemptive algorithm which acts on the principles of SPF. It gives preference to the processes with the smaller service time. If a process is using the process and in the mean time a new process arrives whose service time is less than the currently running, then it preempts the currently running process and gives processor control to the new process. This algorithm is no longer useful in todays operating systems. Advantages: It offers the minimum waiting time for the processes. Like the process P3, waited for 6 seconds before getting the processor time. Though this waiting time is equal to that in SPF. But being a preemptive algorithm, SRT scores over SPF by providing even lesser waiting time than the former. Average Turn around Time: 11 Average Waiting Time: 6.4 Average Response Time: 6 6.5 HIGHEST RESPONSE RATIO NEXT This algorithm corrects some of the weakness of the SPF. The SPF algorithm is biased towards the processes with short service time. This keeps the longer processes waiting in the ready queue for the longer time, despite of arriving in the ready queue before the short jobs. It is a non-preemptive scheduling algorithm in which the priority is the function of not only the service time but also of the time spent by the process waiting in the ready queue. Once the process obtains the control of the processor, it completes to completion. The priority is calculated by the formula Priority = (Waiting Time + Service Time)/Service Time In this algorithm too, short processes receive preference. But longer processes that have been waiting in the ready queue are also given the favorable treatment. 7.GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION Turnaround Time Comparison Waiting time comparison Responce time comparison 8.CONCLUSION From the analysis of the algorithms, we have come up with the conclusion that RR has the best average response time and being the preemptive algorithm, it exhibits fairness. But however, performance of the RR algorithm depends heavily on the size of the quantum. On the one extreme is the time quantum is very large, RR algorithm is same as FCFS policy. But if the time quantum is fairly small, the RR will exhibit fairness but a considerable overhead gets added to the turnaround time due frequent context switch. This fact becomes clear from the RR average turnaround time reading is highest as compared to other algorithms. Hence we observed if majority of the processes are less then the time quantum, the RR will give better response time. Further, SPF has the least average turnaround time and average waiting time as compared to other algorithms. This shows that SPF is provably optimal, in that it gives the minimum average time in the set of processes by moving the short process before a long one. The waiting time of short process decreases more than the waiting time of the long process. Consequently the waiting time decreases. But this algorithm can only be used for systems which are interactive and thereby is biased to short processes and unfavorable to longer ones which may lead to indefinite postponement of longer processes. HRRN has approximately same average turnaround, waiting and response time. It overcomes the limitation of the SPF by giving favorable treatment to the processes waiting for a longer time, and thereby prevents indefinite postponement. SRT exhibits approximately same average response time, waiting time and turnaround time, and may seem to be an effective algorithm for interactive processes if the tasks performed before issuing I/O are short in duration. However, SRT determines priority based on the run time to completion, not the run time to I/O. Some interactive processes such as shell executes for the life time of the session, which would place the shell at the lowest priority level.

Maybe Rape Is Not Always so Bad :: Social Issues, Unwanted Sex

â€Å"He held her as if his flesh had cut through hers and she felt the bones of his arms on the bones of her ribs, her legs jerked tight against his, his mouth on hers† (Rand 216). The narrator begins the scene by describing every detail and giving insight to the current situation of Dominique and Roark, which lingers on the sexual tension between them. Scenes leading up to this clearly show that both these people want each other. Although that does not necessarily make the sex consensual, while the sex is needed. If Roark had not raped Dominique she would have never been able to become free. Despite the common thought that it is not rape if it is enjoyed, Roark did rape Dominique. This is because rape can be defined as forced or unwanted sex, to gain power. However, this inaccurate phrase about rape not being rape when it is enjoyed is often used in situations when rape is occurring, and the victim first protests, but then starts having fun; which is is exactly what happened in this scene. â€Å"She lay still in his arms, in the first instant, in the shock of feeling his skin against hers, the thing she had thought about, had expected, had never known to be like this, could not have known, because this was not part of living, but a thing one could not bear longer than a second† (Rand 216). Dominique was scared by these forceful actions and was left unsure what to do; because of this many individuals place the blame on Dominique stating that she did not fight against it, which makes the sex consensual, but they are mistaken. â€Å"She fought like an animal. But she made no sound. She did not call for help† (Rand 216). She did fight and struggled with it, even if she did not call for help its does not matter because if she did call for help, there is a good chance that no one would have heard her. Besides not calling for help, she did everything that she could to not submit herself to him. Letting him take control of her was something she did not want to allow, so should fought as long as she possibly could. â€Å"She tried to tear herself away from him† (Rand 216). As she did continue to try to tear her self away it was not effective, so rather than continuing to struggle by putting up a fight she just submitted herself to him.